਀吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ㄀㤀㤀　 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

Elias James Corey਀㰀⼀栀㌀㸀㰀栀㐀㸀 History of Organic Syntheses ਀ ਀伀爀椀最椀渀Ⰰ 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 伀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀  ਀倀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 倀攀琀爀漀氀攀甀洀 爀攀昀椀渀椀渀最 眀愀猀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀椀氀礀 戀礀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀㬀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀 挀爀愀挀欀椀渀最 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 愀渀搀 渀漀 瀀攀琀爀漀ⴀ挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瀀氀愀渀琀猀⸀ 刀攀瀀氀愀挀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 戀攀攀栀椀瘀攀 挀漀欀攀 漀瘀攀渀猀 戀礀 戀礀瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 挀漀欀椀渀最 漀瘀攀渀猀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀 愀爀漀洀愀琀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 栀愀搀 樀甀猀琀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀㬀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 昀漀爀 甀猀攀 椀渀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀 ⠀䬀愀栀氀戀愀甀洀✀猀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀⤀Ⰰ 䜀爀攀愀琀 䈀爀椀琀愀椀渀 ⠀䈀漀漀琀猀 䰀琀搀⸀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 漀渀氀礀 愀 昀攀眀 猀洀愀氀氀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 栀漀甀猀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 猀洀愀氀氀 愀洀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 䤀渀搀攀攀搀Ⰰ 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 愀 昀攀眀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀 愀渀搀 瘀攀爀礀 昀攀眀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀猀 ⠀㄀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀甀琀戀爀攀愀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀 椀渀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀 氀攀搀 琀漀 攀洀戀愀爀最漀攀猀Ⰰ 戀氀漀挀欀愀搀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀栀椀瀀瀀椀渀最Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 洀攀愀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀 攀砀栀愀甀猀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀猀挀愀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀 䤀 ⠀㈀⤀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 唀渀椀琀攀搀 匀琀愀琀攀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㜀Ⰰ 搀攀洀愀渀搀攀搀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀爀攀洀攀渀搀漀甀猀 愀洀漀甀渀琀猀 漀昀 昀漀漀搀Ⰰ 最爀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 洀攀愀琀Ⰰ 漀椀氀猀Ⰰ 挀漀欀攀Ⰰ 椀爀漀渀Ⰰ 猀琀攀攀氀Ⰰ 渀漀渀昀攀爀爀漀甀猀 洀攀琀愀氀猀Ⰰ 猀栀椀瀀猀Ⰰ 琀爀甀挀欀猀Ⰰ 最甀渀猀Ⰰ 琀愀渀欀猀Ⰰ 愀椀爀瀀氀愀渀攀猀Ⰰ 最愀猀漀氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 欀攀爀漀猀攀渀攀Ⰰ 氀甀戀爀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 漀椀氀猀Ⰰ 眀愀爀 最愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀栀攀渀漀氀Ⰰ 琀漀氀甀攀渀攀Ⰰ 最氀礀挀攀爀漀氀 愀渀搀 渀椀琀爀椀挀 愀挀椀搀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 愀最攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 搀礀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀爀甀最猀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 瀀氀愀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 甀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 猀琀愀昀昀 愀琀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 ∀猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 瀀爀攀瀀猀∀ 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ 䌀氀愀爀攀渀挀攀 䜀⸀ 䐀攀爀椀挀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀 椀渀 唀爀戀愀渀愀Ⰰ 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀攀搀 ∀匀甀洀洀攀爀 倀爀攀瀀猀∀ 眀椀琀栀 愀戀漀甀琀 昀椀瘀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㐀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㄀㔀Ⰰ 䔀爀渀攀猀琀 䠀⸀ 嘀漀氀眀椀氀攀爀Ⰰ 愀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀Ⰰ 樀漀椀渀攀搀 䐀攀爀椀挀欀✀猀 瀀爀攀瀀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 椀渀 挀栀愀爀最攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㄀㘀 愀渀搀 ㄀㤀㄀㜀⸀ 伀氀椀瘀攀爀 䬀愀洀洀Ⰰ 愀 洀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 猀琀愀昀昀 愀昀琀攀爀 ㄀㤀㄀㔀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 栀攀氀瀀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀 眀漀爀欀⸀  ਀䌀愀爀氀 匀⸀ 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㔀Ⰰ 戀攀最愀渀 洀愀欀椀渀最 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 椀渀 䨀甀渀攀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㄀㘀 愀渀搀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 昀甀氀氀 琀椀洀攀 甀渀琀椀氀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㄀㤀㄀㤀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 愀 洀漀猀琀 猀欀椀氀氀昀甀氀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 ∀猀瀀攀攀搀椀氀礀∀ ⠀㌀⤀ 戀甀椀氀琀 愀 爀攀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 洀漀搀椀昀礀椀渀最 瀀漀漀爀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 猀漀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 眀漀爀欀⸀ 刀漀最攀爀 䄀搀愀洀猀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 猀琀愀昀昀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㘀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀渀琀栀甀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 琀漀漀欀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀愀 漀昀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀稀椀渀最 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 椀渀 氀愀爀最攀爀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀㨀 漀渀攀ⴀ栀愀氀昀 琀漀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 欀椀氀漀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 洀愀搀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㄀㜀 ⴀ ㄀㤀㄀㠀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀漀猀攀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀 䤀 攀昀昀漀爀琀⸀ 䐀爀⸀ 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䄀⸀ 一漀礀攀猀Ⰰ 䠀攀愀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀Ⰰ 瀀攀爀猀甀愀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀 愀搀洀椀渀椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀 愀 爀攀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 ∀伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 䴀愀渀甀昀愀挀琀甀爀攀猀∀ 昀甀渀搀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀 瀀愀礀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 瀀爀攀瀀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 渀甀洀戀攀爀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 ㄀　 琀漀 ㄀㈀Ⰰ 眀漀爀欀攀搀 昀甀氀氀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 㠀ⴀ㄀　 栀⼀搀愀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 㠀ⴀ眀攀攀欀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 猀攀猀猀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 瀀愀礀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 愀琀 ㈀㔀挀攀渀琀猀⼀栀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㔀 愀渀搀 最爀愀搀甀愀氀氀礀 爀漀猀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 漀渀攀 甀渀椀琀 漀昀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 挀爀攀搀椀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀漀爀欀⸀ 䄀搀愀洀猀 愀渀搀 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀 瀀甀琀 琀栀攀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀渀 愀 猀漀甀渀搀 挀漀猀琀 戀愀猀椀猀 戀礀 爀攀焀甀椀爀椀渀最 愀氀氀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 洀愀欀椀渀最 瀀爀攀瀀猀 琀漀 欀攀攀瀀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀 渀漀琀攀戀漀漀欀 爀攀挀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀猀琀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 攀愀挀栀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 洀愀搀攀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀渀 猀漀氀搀 琀漀 愀渀礀漀渀攀 眀栀漀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 洀漀渀攀礀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㜀 刀漀最攀爀 䄀搀愀洀猀 ⠀㐀⤀ 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀 氀椀猀琀 漀昀 㐀㌀ 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 瀀甀爀挀栀愀猀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㠀 愀 渀漀琀攀 氀椀猀琀椀渀最 㔀㤀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 愀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 愀琀 漀渀挀攀Ⰰ ㌀㜀 琀漀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ㈀㤀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 戀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀礀攀猀 昀漀爀 猀攀渀猀椀琀椀稀椀渀最 瀀栀漀琀漀最爀愀瀀栀椀挀 昀椀氀洀 猀琀漀瀀瀀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 䠀愀渀猀 吀⸀ 䌀氀愀爀欀攀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 樀甀猀琀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 䬀漀搀愀欀 䌀漀⸀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 漀渀 琀漀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀稀攀 琀栀攀 搀礀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀愀挀欀 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 爀愀眀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 氀攀搀 䌀氀愀爀欀攀 愀渀搀 䌀⸀ 䔀⸀ 䬀⸀ 䴀攀攀猀 琀漀 爀攀挀漀洀洀攀渀搀 琀漀 䜀攀漀爀最攀 䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀 䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀猀猀椀猀琀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 戀礀 爀攀瀀愀挀欀愀最椀渀最 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 椀渀 猀洀愀氀氀 氀漀琀猀Ⰰ 瀀甀爀椀昀礀椀渀最 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀稀椀渀最 愀渀礀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 戀甀琀 渀漀渀愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 䌀氀愀爀欀攀 瘀椀猀椀琀攀搀 䄀搀愀洀猀 愀渀搀 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀 愀渀搀 猀瀀攀渀琀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 眀攀攀欀猀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀椀渀最 栀漀眀 ∀匀甀洀洀攀爀 倀爀攀瀀猀∀ 眀愀猀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 戀攀最愀渀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㄀㠀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 最爀攀愀琀氀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ 䤀琀猀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 漀甀琀 洀愀渀礀 最漀漀搀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 愀渀搀 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 甀渀椀焀甀攀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 䌀氀愀爀欀攀 氀攀昀琀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㈀㠀Ⰰ 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䠀⸀ 䠀愀爀琀洀愀渀 琀漀漀欀 挀栀愀爀最攀⸀  ਀吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀礀爀攀砀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 最氀愀猀猀眀愀爀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀漀爀渀椀渀最 䜀氀愀猀猀 圀漀爀欀猀Ⰰ 䌀漀爀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㔀 眀愀猀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀愀挀琀漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀猀 眀漀爀欀⸀ 倀礀爀攀砀퐀 氀愀戀 眀愀爀攀 眀愀猀 昀愀爀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 氀椀洀攀ⴀ猀漀搀愀 最氀愀猀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 戀爀攀愀欀愀最攀 戀礀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 漀爀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 猀栀漀挀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 爀攀愀最攀渀琀猀⸀ 䤀琀 猀甀爀瀀愀猀猀攀搀 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 䨀攀渀愀 最氀愀猀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㈀㐀⸀ 倀礀爀攀砀퐀 爀漀甀渀搀 戀漀琀琀漀洀攀搀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 昀氀愀猀欀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 氀愀爀最攀 㔀Ⰰ ㄀㈀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ㈀㈀䰀 愀渀搀 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀 猀椀稀攀猀⸀ 䜀氀愀猀猀 戀漀眀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 倀礀爀攀砀 眀愀猀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 洀愀猀琀攀爀攀搀㬀 栀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀椀渀最 昀氀愀猀欀猀Ⰰ 昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀愀琀椀渀最 挀漀氀甀洀渀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀漀眀 昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 琀栀爀攀攀ⴀ渀攀挀欀攀搀 昀氀愀猀欀猀 昀漀爀 甀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 猀琀椀爀爀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀昀氀甀砀 挀漀渀搀攀渀猀攀爀 愀渀搀 搀爀漀瀀瀀椀渀最 昀甀渀渀攀氀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀搀攀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 椀琀攀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀 氀愀戀猀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 猀栀椀瀀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 瀀漀爀挀攀氀愀椀渀 眀愀爀攀 昀爀漀洀 䜀攀爀洀愀渀礀 挀攀愀猀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀漀漀爀猀 倀漀爀挀攀氀愀椀渀 䌀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 漀昀 䜀漀氀搀攀渀Ⰰ 䌀漀氀漀爀愀搀漀Ⰰ 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀瘀攀渀眀愀爀攀 愀渀搀 瀀漀琀琀攀爀礀 瀀氀愀渀琀 琀漀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瀀漀爀挀攀氀愀椀渀 眀愀爀攀⸀ 䠀椀最栀ⴀ焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 䌀漀漀爀猀 唀⸀匀⸀䄀퐀 最氀愀稀攀搀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 瀀漀爀挀攀氀愀椀渀 攀瘀愀瀀漀爀愀琀椀渀最 搀椀猀栀攀猀Ⰰ 䈀甀挀栀渀攀爀 昀甀渀渀攀氀猀Ⰰ 挀愀猀猀攀爀漀氀攀猀Ⰰ 洀漀爀琀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 瀀攀猀琀氀攀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀爀洀椀猀琀椀挀攀 漀昀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㄀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㄀㠀 攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀 戀甀琀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 攀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀栀漀爀琀愀最攀 漀昀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 䠀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀猀 漀昀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀洀洀攀爀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䌀愀爀氀 匀⸀ 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀 眀栀漀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀 洀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 昀愀挀甀氀琀礀 愀琀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀椀渀最 栀椀猀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀砀瀀愀渀搀椀渀最 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 愀渀搀 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀猀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 琀漀 戀攀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ∀瀀爀攀瀀猀∀ 氀愀戀⸀ 䄀戀漀甀琀 ㄀㤀㐀　Ⰰ 䠀愀爀漀氀搀 刀⸀ 匀渀礀搀攀爀 琀漀漀欀 漀瘀攀爀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 䌀愀爀氀 匀⸀ 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀 愀渀搀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀琀椀挀 眀漀爀欀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀 䤀䤀 礀攀愀爀猀 ⠀㄀㤀㐀㄀ⴀ㄀㤀㐀㘀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀 最爀漀甀瀀 洀愀搀攀 甀渀挀氀愀猀猀椀昀椀攀搀 猀琀愀爀琀椀渀最 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀琀攀爀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀猀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 眀愀爀琀椀洀攀 愀最攀渀挀椀攀猀⸀ 䰀攀漀渀愀爀搀 䔀⸀ 䴀椀氀氀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 愀琀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀 搀椀爀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀甀洀洀攀爀 倀爀攀瀀 眀漀爀欀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㐀㠀ⴀ㄀㤀㔀　⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 ㄀㤀㔀　 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 戀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀 洀愀渀礀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 愀渀搀 戀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀猀 漀昀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀琀礀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀甀洀洀攀爀 倀爀攀瀀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 栀愀搀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 愀 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 漀瘀攀爀 㔀　　 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 ⠀愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 猀攀渀椀漀爀猀⤀ 昀漀爀 ㌀㘀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀攀搀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ琀爀愀椀渀攀搀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀漀氀 漀昀 攀砀瀀攀爀琀 猀礀渀琀栀攀琀椀挀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀搀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 爀攀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㄀㤀㈀㈀ 漀渀眀愀爀搀⸀  ਀吀栀攀 昀漀爀攀最漀椀渀最 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 椀猀 椀渀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀⸀ 圀栀愀琀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀渀最 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 昀漀爀 挀愀爀爀礀椀渀最 漀甀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀猀漀氀愀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀爀椀昀礀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀㼀 䴀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 洀愀搀攀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀眀㬀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 愀渀搀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀㬀 猀漀洀攀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 椀渀 瀀愀琀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䈀攀椀氀猀攀椀渀✀猀 ∀䠀愀渀搀戀甀挀栀∀ 最愀瘀攀 漀渀氀礀 愀 猀攀渀琀攀渀挀攀 漀爀 琀眀漀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀稀椀渀最 琀栀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀⸀ 䠀漀甀戀攀渀ⴀ圀攀礀氀✀猀 ∀䴀攀琀栀漀搀攀渀∀ 眀攀爀攀 氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀漀 椀渀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 愀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀猀Ⰰ 甀猀椀渀最 眀栀愀琀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 愀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 漀昀 眀攀攀欀猀 漀爀 洀漀渀琀栀猀⸀ 䘀漀甀爀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 洀愀渀甀愀氀猀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㔀ⴀ㄀㤀㄀㘀 琀栀愀琀 瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 栀攀氀瀀昀甀氀 眀攀爀攀 䰀甀搀眀椀最 䜀愀琀琀攀爀洀愀渀✀猀 䐀椀攀 倀爀愀砀椀猀 搀攀爀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀挀栀攀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀攀Ⰰ ㄀猀琀 攀搀⸀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㤀㐀Ⰰ 氀愀琀攀爀 爀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 戀礀 䠀⸀ 圀椀攀氀愀渀搀 ⠀㈀㄀猀琀 琀漀 ㈀㐀琀栀 攀搀猀⸀⤀⸀ 䰀⸀ 嘀愀渀椀渀漀✀猀 䠀愀渀搀戀甀挀栀 搀攀爀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀攀搀Ⰰ 倀愀爀琀 䤀䤀Ⰰ 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀⸀ 䔀⸀ 䘀椀猀挀栀攀爀✀猀 䄀渀氀攀椀琀甀渀最 稀甀爀 䐀愀爀猀琀攀氀氀甀渀最 伀爀最愀渀椀猀挀栀攀 倀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 ⠀㄀㤀　㠀⤀ 眀愀猀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 愀猀 眀愀猀 䨀⸀ 䈀⸀ 䌀漀栀攀渀✀猀 倀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ ㈀渀搀 攀搀⸀ ⠀㄀㤀　㠀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 洀愀渀甀愀氀猀Ⰰ 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 椀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 甀猀攀昀甀氀 戀甀琀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 椀渀 猀挀漀瀀攀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀攀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀渀礀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 搀甀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀㬀 椀渀搀攀攀搀Ⰰ 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 栀愀稀愀爀搀漀甀猀⸀ 䠀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 瘀攀爀礀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 漀昀 匀甀洀洀攀爀 倀爀攀瀀猀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㐀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 栀愀搀 琀漀 眀爀椀琀攀 漀甀琀 椀渀 搀攀琀愀椀氀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 琀栀攀礀 甀猀攀搀Ⰰ 愀搀搀 瀀爀攀挀愀甀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 渀漀琀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀氀礀 昀椀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 猀甀挀挀攀攀搀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀猀㬀 攀愀挀栀 瀀爀攀瀀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 愀搀搀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀猀 瀀氀甀猀 搀愀琀愀 漀渀 礀椀攀氀搀 愀渀搀 瀀甀爀椀琀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 戀愀琀挀栀 漀昀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 挀甀氀洀椀渀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀漀甀爀 瀀愀洀瀀栀氀攀琀猀㬀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䌀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 刀攀愀最攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 戀礀 刀漀最攀爀 䄀搀愀洀猀Ⰰ 伀⸀ 䬀愀洀洀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䌀⸀ 匀⸀ 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 戀甀氀氀攀琀椀渀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀 倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 唀爀戀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㤀㄀㤀 琀漀 ㄀㤀㈀㈀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀椀渀最 愀 琀漀琀愀氀 漀昀 ㄀㄀㄀ 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 渀漀琀 愀搀瘀攀爀琀椀猀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 戀甀氀氀攀琀椀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 焀甀椀挀欀氀礀 猀漀氀搀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀琀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀䌀匀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 挀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 樀漀甀爀渀愀氀猀⸀  ਀吀栀攀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀漀漀欀氀攀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀甀洀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 最漀漀搀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 氀攀搀 刀漀最攀爀 䄀搀愀洀猀 ⠀㘀⤀ 琀漀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀渀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 猀愀琀椀猀昀愀挀琀漀爀礀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀⸀ 䠀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 䨀愀洀攀猀 䈀⸀ 䌀漀渀愀渀琀 漀昀 䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀Ⰰ 䠀愀渀猀 吀⸀ 䌀氀愀爀欀攀 漀昀 䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 䬀漀搀愀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 伀氀椀瘀攀爀 䬀愀洀洀 漀昀 倀愀爀欀攀 䐀愀瘀椀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 甀渀椀焀甀攀 昀攀愀琀甀爀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀攀琀猀 漀昀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀Ⰰ 椀昀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀氀礀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀Ⰰ 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 搀甀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 愀渀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 ⠀猀攀渀椀漀爀 漀爀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀⤀⸀ 䴀漀爀攀漀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 戀攀昀漀爀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 愀渀 攀搀椀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 椀渀 愀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 最爀漀甀瀀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 愀渀搀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀搀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 漀昀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 匀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 眀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㈀㄀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 挀栀攀挀欀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀搀椀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 䈀漀愀爀搀 漀昀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀猀㬀 刀漀最攀爀 䄀搀愀洀猀 ⠀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀⤀Ⰰ 䨀愀洀攀猀 䈀⸀ 䌀漀渀愀渀琀 ⠀䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀⤀Ⰰ 䠀愀渀猀 吀⸀ 䌀氀愀爀欀攀 ⠀䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 䬀漀搀愀欀 䌀漀⸀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 伀氀椀瘀攀爀 䬀愀洀洀 ⠀倀愀爀欀攀 䐀愀瘀椀猀⤀⸀ 倀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 䴀爀⸀ 䔀搀眀愀爀搀 倀⸀ 䠀愀洀椀氀琀漀渀 漀昀 䨀漀栀渀 圀椀氀攀礀 ☀ 匀漀渀猀Ⰰ 䤀渀挀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 愀 洀漀猀琀 甀渀甀猀甀愀氀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 瘀攀渀琀甀爀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 琀椀洀攀猀㬀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀 愀猀猀甀爀愀渀挀攀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀爀 挀漀甀氀搀 爀攀挀漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀猀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 戀椀渀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 猀氀攀渀搀攀爀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 ∀瀀愀洀瀀栀氀攀琀∀ 漀昀 㠀㐀 瀀愀最攀猀⸀  ਀䔀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 昀漀甀爀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀 䈀漀愀爀搀 愀挀琀攀搀 愀猀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀ⴀ椀渀ⴀ䌀栀椀攀昀 漀昀 漀渀攀 漀爀 琀眀漀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀 䈀漀愀爀搀 眀愀猀 攀砀瀀愀渀搀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 ㄀　 礀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀 䌀愀爀氀 匀⸀ 䴀愀爀瘀攀氀 ⠀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀⤀Ⰰ 䘀爀愀渀欀 䌀⸀ 圀栀椀琀洀漀爀攀 ⠀一漀爀琀栀眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䌀愀爀氀 刀⸀ 一漀氀氀攀爀 ⠀匀琀愀渀昀漀爀搀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㈀㤀Ⰰ 䌀⸀ 䘀⸀ 䠀⸀ 䄀氀氀攀渀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 匀攀挀爀攀琀愀爀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀漀愀爀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀渀最 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 爀漀猀攀 昀爀漀洀 㠀 琀漀 ㈀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀戀礀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 愀 最爀攀愀琀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 椀渀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 爀攀挀漀爀搀 欀攀攀瀀椀渀最⸀ 䔀愀挀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 攀搀椀琀漀爀猀 琀漀漀欀 琀甀爀渀猀 椀渀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀椀渀最 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀漀氀椀挀礀 漀昀 挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀 戀漀愀爀搀 戀礀 猀攀氀攀挀琀椀渀最 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 琀漀 猀攀爀瘀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 戀漀愀爀搀 愀渀搀 洀漀瘀椀渀最 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 猀攀爀瘀攀搀 愀 琀攀爀洀 愀渀搀 攀搀椀琀攀搀 漀渀攀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 琀漀 愀渀 䄀搀瘀椀猀漀爀礀 䈀漀愀爀搀 漀昀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀猀 眀愀猀 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀⸀ 䄀 渀攀眀 猀攀挀爀攀琀愀爀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀漀愀爀搀 漀昀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀猀 眀愀猀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 攀瘀攀爀礀 ㄀　 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ 䈀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 嘀漀氀甀洀攀 ㄀㄀ 琀栀攀 爀攀琀椀爀椀渀最 猀攀挀爀攀琀愀爀礀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀栀攀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀ⴀ椀渀ⴀ䌀栀椀攀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀攀 猀攀爀瘀攀搀⸀ 吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 洀愀渀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 猀漀 愀猀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 椀琀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀 漀昀 愀猀 洀愀渀礀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀 愀猀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀氀攀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 瀀漀氀椀挀椀攀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀 琀漀搀愀礀 ⠀㘀⤀⸀ 䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 㠀 攀搀椀琀漀爀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 㔀㄀ 漀琀栀攀爀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 眀栀漀 栀愀瘀攀 猀攀爀瘀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 䈀漀愀爀搀猀 漀昀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 渀愀洀攀猀 愀爀攀 氀椀猀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 瀀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 愀渀 攀渀琀栀甀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀猀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀眀漀爀欀攀爀猀 椀渀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ 搀漀瘀攀琀愀椀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀氀礀 愀猀猀椀最渀攀搀 眀漀爀欀 眀椀琀栀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 甀瀀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 挀栀攀挀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 ∀猀瀀愀爀攀 琀椀洀攀⸀∀ 一漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀漀爀猀 漀昀 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 攀搀椀琀漀爀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀攀爀猀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 愀渀礀 瀀愀礀 漀爀 愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀礀愀氀琀椀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀愀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀琀愀爀琀椀渀最 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 挀栀攀挀欀椀渀最 瀀爀漀挀攀搀甀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 琀栀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 愀搀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 猀琀漀挀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀漀爀猀 漀爀 攀搀椀琀漀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 洀漀爀攀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 挀爀甀搀攀 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 猀琀愀爀琀椀渀最 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 猀漀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 愀渀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀愀氀 眀愀礀 漀昀 最攀琀琀椀渀最 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 椀渀琀攀爀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀  ਀䘀爀漀洀 ㄀㤀㈀㄀ 琀漀 ㄀㤀㌀㤀 琀栀攀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 匀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀 䈀漀愀爀搀猀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀氀 昀愀猀栀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 挀栀愀渀最攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀挀漀洀攀 琀愀砀 氀愀眀猀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀氀 椀渀挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 匀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 愀猀 愀 ∀䴀攀洀戀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 䌀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀∀ 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀愀眀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀 漀昀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀 漀渀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㄀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㤀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀攀爀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀攀搀㨀 吀栀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 昀漀爀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最㨀 吀漀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 攀搀椀琀椀渀最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 琀漀 戀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 戀漀漀欀猀 愀渀搀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 搀攀愀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 漀昀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀㬀 琀栀攀 爀漀礀愀氀琀椀攀猀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀挀攀攀搀猀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 戀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 椀渀 愀 昀甀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 愀渀搀 椀渀挀漀洀攀 琀栀攀爀攀漀昀 琀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 攀砀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 ⠀愀瀀愀爀琀 昀爀漀洀 戀漀渀愀 昀椀搀攀 攀砀瀀攀渀猀攀猀 漀昀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀⤀ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 昀攀氀氀漀眀猀栀椀瀀猀Ⰰ 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀栀椀瀀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀猀 昀漀爀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀猀 愀渀搀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀㬀 琀漀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 戀漀琀栀 爀攀愀搀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀 漀昀 椀琀猀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 琀漀 戀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 愀渀搀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀搀 攀砀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 昀漀爀 猀琀爀椀挀琀氀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀Ⰰ 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 挀栀愀爀椀琀愀戀氀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 昀漀爀 瀀攀挀甀渀椀愀爀礀 瀀爀漀昀椀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 椀琀猀 渀攀琀 攀愀爀渀椀渀最猀 眀椀氀氀 椀渀猀甀爀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀 漀昀 愀渀礀 洀攀洀戀攀爀Ⰰ 搀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀Ⰰ 漀爀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 愀猀 爀攀愀猀漀渀愀戀氀攀 挀漀洀瀀攀渀猀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 椀渀 攀昀昀攀挀琀椀渀最 漀渀攀 漀爀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀 猀甀挀栀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 琀漀 愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 愀猀 愀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀 戀攀渀攀昀椀挀椀愀爀礀 漀昀 椀琀猀 猀琀爀椀挀琀氀礀 挀栀愀爀椀琀愀戀氀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 椀琀猀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀爀礀椀渀最 漀渀 漀昀 瀀爀漀瀀愀最愀渀搀愀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀椀渀最 琀漀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 氀攀最椀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 䘀椀爀猀琀 䈀漀愀爀搀 漀昀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀猀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀攀搀 漀昀 刀漀最攀爀 䄀搀愀洀猀 ⠀唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䤀氀氀椀渀漀椀猀⤀Ⰰ 倀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀㬀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䠀⸀ 䠀愀爀琀洀愀渀 ⠀䔀愀猀琀洀愀渀 䬀漀搀愀欀 䌀漀⸀⤀Ⰰ 吀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀爀㬀 䄀⸀ 䠀愀爀漀氀搀 䈀氀愀琀琀 ⠀儀甀攀攀渀猀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀⤀Ⰰ 匀攀挀爀攀琀愀爀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䔀搀椀琀漀爀椀愀氀 䈀漀愀爀搀㬀 䰀漀甀椀猀 䘀椀攀猀攀爀 ⠀䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䨀漀栀渀 刀⸀ 䨀漀栀渀猀漀渀 ⠀䌀漀爀渀攀氀氀⤀⸀ 刀漀礀愀氀琀椀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀愀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀渀渀甀愀氀 嘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 愀渀搀 䌀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 嘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 瀀愀椀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 匀礀渀琀栀攀猀攀猀 琀爀攀愀猀甀爀攀爀 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 瀀愀礀 瀀漀猀琀愀最攀 愀渀搀 琀礀瀀椀渀最 攀砀瀀攀渀猀攀猀 椀渀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀渀最 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 攀搀椀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀⸀ 倀攀爀椀漀搀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀渀礀 戀愀氀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀 眀愀猀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 猀琀漀挀欀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀攀猀⸀ 䄀 猀攀琀 漀昀 䈀礀ⴀ䰀愀眀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 昀椀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀 漀昀 一攀眀 夀漀爀欀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀洀攀渀搀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀椀洀攀 琀漀 琀椀洀攀 愀猀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 挀漀渀昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀ⴀ挀椀琀攀搀 渀漀渀瀀爀漀昀椀琀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀漀愀爀搀 漀昀 䐀椀爀攀挀琀漀爀猀 昀漀爀 ㄀㤀㤀㈀ⴀ㄀㤀㤀㐀 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀洀戀攀爀猀㨀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ My birth in July 1928 in Methuen, Massachusetts was followed just eighteen months later by the death of my father, Elias, a successful business man in that community 30 miles north of Boston. My mother, Fatina (née Hasham), changed my name from William to Elias shortly after my father's passing. I do not remember my father, but all his friends and associates made it clear that he was a remarkably gifted and much admired person. I have always been guided by a desire to be a worthy son to the father I cannot remember and to the loving, courageous mother who raised me, my brother, and two sisters through the trials of the Depression and World War II. My grandparents on both sides, who emigrated from Lebanon to the United States, also knew how to cope with adversity, as Christians in a tragically torn country, under the grip of the Ottoman empire.਀㰀瀀㸀 In 1931, our family grew to include my mother's sister, Naciby, and her husband, John Saba, who had no children of their own. We all lived together in a spacious house in Methuen, still a gathering place for family reunions. My uncle and aunt were like second parents to us. As a youngster I was rather independent, preferring such sports as football, baseball and hiking to work. However, when my aunt, who was much stricter than my mother, assigned a household chore, it had to be taken seriously. From her I learned to be efficient and to take pleasure in a job well done, no matter how mundane. We were a very close, happy and hardworking family with everything that we needed, despite the loss of my father and the hard economic times. Uncle John died in 1957, and too soon afterwards, in 1960, my aunt passed away. My mother died in 1970 at the age of seventy. They all lived to see each of the four children attain a measure of success.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 From the ages of five to twelve I attended the Saint Laurence O'Toole elementary school in Lawrence, a city next to Methuen, and was taught by sisters of the Catholic order of Notre Dame de Namour. I enjoyed all my subjects there. I do not remember ever learning any science, except for mathematics. I graduated from Lawrence Public High School at the age of sixteen and entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, just a few weeks later, in July, 1945, with excellent preparation, since most of my high school teachers had been dedicated and able. Although my favorite subject was mathematics, I had no plan for a career, except the notion that electronic engineering might be attractive, since it utilized mathematics at an interesting technological frontier. My first courses at M.I.T. were in the basic sciences: mathematics, physics and chemistry, all of which were wonderful. I became a convert to chemistry before even taking an engineering course because of the excellence and enthusiasm of my teachers, the central position of chemistry in the sciences and the joy of solving problems in the laboratory. Organic chemistry was especially fascinating with its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health. I had many superb teachers at M.I.T., including Arthur C. Cope, John C. Sheehan, John D. Roberts and Charles Gardner Swain. I graduated from M.I.T. after three years and, at the suggestion of Professor Sheehan, continued there as a graduate member of his pioneering program on synthetic penicillins. My doctoral work was completed by the end of 1950 and, at the age of twenty-two, I joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an Instructor in Chemistry under the distinguished chemists Roger Adams and Carl S. Marvel. I am forever grateful to them for giving me such a splendid opportunity, as well as for their help and friendship over many years.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Because my interests in chemistry ranged from the theoretical and quantitative side to the biological end of the spectrum, I decided to maintain a broad program of teaching and research and to approach chemistry as a discipline without internal boundaries. My research in the first three years, which had to be done with my own hands and a few undergraduate students, was in physical organic chemistry. It had to do with the application of molecular orbital theory to the understanding of the transition states for various reactions in three dimensional (i.e. stereochemical) detail. The stereoelectronic ideas which emerged from this work are still widely used in chemistry and mechanistic enzymology. By 1954, as an Assistant Professor with a group of three graduate students, I was able to initiate more complex experimental projects, dealing with the structure, stereochemistry and synthesis of natural products. As a result of the success of this research, I was appointed in 1956, at age twenty-seven, as Professor of Chemistry. My research group grew and the scope of our work broadened to include other topics: enantioselective synthesis, metal complexes, new reactions for synthesis and enzyme chemistry. The pace of discovery accelerated.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In the fall of 1957, I received a Guggenheim fellowship and my first sabbatical leave. It was divided between Harvard, to which I had been invited by the late Prof. Robert B. Woodward, and Europe. The last four months of 1957 would prove eventful. In September, shortly after the beginning of my stay at Harvard, my uncle John passed away. At least I had been lucky enough to have seen him just two days before. I was deeply affected by the loss of this fine and generous man whom I loved as a real father. In solitude and sadness I returned to my work and a very deep immersion in studies which proved to be pivotal to my future research. In early October several of the key ideas for a logical and general way of thinking about chemical synthesis came to me. The application of these insights led to rapid and unusual solutions to several specific synthetic problems of interest to me at the time. I showed one such plan (for the molecule longifolene) to R. B. Woodward and was pleased by his enthusiastic response. Later in 1957 I visited Switzerland, London and Lund, the last as a guest of Prof. Karl Sune Bergström. It was at Lund, in Bergström's Department, that I became intrigued by the prostaglandins. Our research in the mid 1960's led to the first chemical syntheses of prostaglandins and to involvement in the burgeoning field of eicosanoids ever since.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In the spring of 1959 I received an offer of a Professorship at Harvard, which I accepted with alacrity since I wanted to be near my family and since the Chemistry Department at Harvard was unsurpassed. The Harvard faculty in 1959 included Paul D. Bartlett, Konrad Bloch, Louis F. Fieser, George B. Kistiakowski, E. G. Rochow, Frank H. Westheimer, E. B. Wilson and R. B. Woodward, all giants in the field of Chemistry. Roger Adams, who was always very kind and encouraging to me, gave his blessing even though years before he had declined a professorial appointment at Harvard. I have always regarded the offer of a Professorship at Harvard as the most gratifying of my professional honors.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 At Harvard my research group grew in size and quality, and developed a spirit and dynamism which has been a continuing delight to me. I was able to start many new scientific projects and to teach an advanced graduate course on chemical synthesis. Using the concepts of retrosynthetic analysis under guidance of broad strategies, first-year graduate students could be taught in just three months to design sophisticated chemical syntheses. My research interests soon evolved to include the following areas: synthesis of complex, bioactive molecules; the logic of chemical synthesis; new methods of synthesis; molecular catalysts and robots; theoretical organic chemistry and reaction mechanisms; organometallic chemistry; bioorganic and enzyme chemistry; prostaglandins and other eicosanoids and their relevance to medicine; application of computers to organic chemical problems, especially to retrosynthetic analysis. My personal scientific aspirations can be similarly summarized: to be creative over a broad range of the chemical sciences; to sustain that creativity over many years; to raise the power of research in chemistry to a qualitatively higher level; and to develop new generations of outstanding chemists.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In September, 1961, I married Claire Higham, a graduate of the University of Illinois. We have three children. David Reid is a graduate of Harvard (A.B. 1985) and the University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D., 1990), who is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow in Chemistry/Molecular Biology at the University of California Medical School at San Francisco. Our second son, John, graduated from Harvard (A.B. 1987) and the Paris Conservatory of Music (1990) and is now carrying out advanced studies in classical music composition at the latter institution. Our daughter, Susan, graduated from Harvard with a major in anthropology (A.B. 1990) and plans graduate work in Education. Claire and I live near the Harvard Campus in Cambridge, as we have for nearly thirty years. My leisure interests include outdoor activities and music.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 I am very proud of the many graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from all over the world who have worked in my research group. Their discoveries in my laboratory and their subsequent achievements in science have been a source of enormous satisfaction. The Corey research family now includes about one hundred fifty university professors and an even larger number of research scientists in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. It has been my good fortune to have been involved in the education of scholars and leaders in every area of chemical research, and especially, to have contributed to the scientific development of many different countries. My research family has been an extraordinarily important part of my life. Much of the credit for what I have achieved belongs to that professional family, my wonderful teachers and faculty colleagues, and not least, to my own dear personal family.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀